Why are walls important?

Why are walls important? Why are walls important? Walls are very important parts of buildings, they have several useful functions: * Protect us from dangerous animals and people * Provide shelter from elements such as wind and rain * Makes a ‘secure home * Bears the loads of the roofs, floors and furniture Block work Standard blocks are 6 times larger than standard bricks, this means that bricklayers can build the wall more quickly, therefore taking less time and reducing labouring costs. For the walls, the external walls will be cavity walls made from aerated concrete blocks and the internal walls will be made from dense concrete blocks. The reasons for these choices will be explained further on. What are and Aerated Concrete blocks and why I have chosen Duncan Marshall (2008) says that; Aerated blocks consist of water, cement, pulverised fuel ash, sand and lime. Aerated concrete blocks are very versatile as they can be used in many different parts of the building, such as party and solid walls, cavity walls (internal and external leaves) and foundations. We will be using Celcon aerated concrete blocks, which are BBA certified (British Board of Agrà ©ment, which is the UKs major authority offering approval of construction products). Sizes (in mm): 215 125 440 Reasons for using Aerated blocks for the inner and outer leaf: * Good thermal insulation (Thermal conductivity is 0.15W/mK, Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to transmit heat, the lower the value the better) * Easy to handle for labourers/bricklayers, as theyre relatively lightweight and can be cut and chased * Closed cell structure means they have good water penetration resistance * Good fire protection Class O surface spread of flame (the best rating) * Non combustible * Relatively strong (Strength 3.6 N/mm ²) What are Dense Concrete blocks and Why I have chosen them? Dense concrete blocks consist of cement, aggregate (fine and coarse). We will be using Celcon Hi (7) Strength blocks. Sizes (in mm): 215 150 440 Reasons for using dense concrete blocks for the internal walls (party/solid walls): * Very strong (7.3N/ mm ²) * They provide a good surface for most renders and plasters * Good sound protection This is an illustration of a building regulation (part A) for the compressive strength needed of walls. For the external walls it will be a cavity wall comprising of aerated concrete blocks (7.2N/mm2), and the inner walls will be a solid wall of dense concrete blocks (7.3N/mm2). Height of wall Length Minimum thickness Not exceeding 3.5m Up to 12m 190mm for whole height Exceeding 3.5m but not 9m Not exceeding 9m 190mm for whole height 9m 12m 290mm from base for 1 storey and 190mm for remaining height Exceeding 9m but not 12m Not exceeding 9m 290mm from base for height of 1 storey and 190mm for rest of height Exceeding 9m but not 12m 290mm from base for the height of 2 storeys and 190mm for rest of height This is a table from the building regulations (Part A) about the thickness of walls. For our design, the internal and external walls both exceed 290mm, therefore the walls will have the correct thickness. Mortar Mortar is needed to bond the blocks together to provide stability for the wall, therefore building. It also seals gaps between the blocks to prevent water getting through the gaps when it rains. Blocks (aerated and dense) Duncan Marshall (2008) recommends our buildings will have a mortar ratio of 1:1:6 (cement: lime: sand). The reason for having a low amount of cement (cement provides the strength) compared to the sand (sand gives volume), is that making the mortar not that strong is so that it doesnt limit movement and will cause cracks in the joints rather than the concrete blocks. This mixture is recommended by a professional concrete company, therefore it wont be too weak, as then the mortar will fail. Jointing/pointing bucket_handle.gifAll of the buildings will have the bucket handle design. This is because Duncan Marshall (2008) says it helps seal the joint, also it compresses the mortar slightly and the shape improves resistance to water penetration. Walls Quoins Out of these three different types of bonding block work we will use 5 (reveal quoin), because its the most simple bond, therefore easier for bricklayers to build the wall, and reducing the likelihood of errors occurring. Also 3 bonding will be used if needed to keep the whole wall to the correct dimension. Cavity Walls For all our cavity walls in our buildings, they will be partial fill cavity walls. Kingspan Insulation says; one of its main advantages is that it prevents rain getting to the inner leaf, which would cause dampness in the walls, therefore weakening the walls. One disadvantage with partial fill cavity walls happens in the physical construction of the wall takes place, if the walls arent sealed completely, airflow in the wall leads to an enormous amount of heat loss within the wall (shown by red areas in 2). This can be caused by dirty ties and mortar snots, which are pieces of mortar which have dropped into the cavity, and cause moisture. 125 75 20 125 20 Block Cavity Insulation Plasterboard 365mm F . Cavity Walls Wall ties Duncan Marshall (2008) says; as we are having a partial fill cavity we have to use this special tie with plastic retainer. In the 2004 Regulations (Approved Document A) there is a requirement to use stainless steel ties. Building regulations says the tie should be bedded at least 50mm in each leaf. In terms of the tie angle, it should be slightly sloped toward the outside leaf; otherwise the other leaf will get damp. Cavity Walls Movement joints The materials that make up a wall will expand and contract because of reasons such as temperature and moisture content. Because concrete blocks are made of cement, they will shrink slightly. Therefore, the big sections of wall need to be shortened to accommodate for the movement, if movement joints are placed correctly, this will prevent the wall from cracking. Duncan Marshall (2008) says that the movement joints of internal concrete block walls should have movement joints approx every 6 metres, but the 1st joint should only be 3 metres away from a corner or bend in the wall. We will incorporate this into our designs. Cavity Walls- Jambs The blue line is the window Damp proof course prevents water penetration from the jamb of the window frame Cavity Walls Lintels Duncan Marshall (2008) say that the lintels carry the distributed load of brickwork across the top of the window frame. Lintels can be up to lengths of 4500mm and when constructed should have at least 150mm bearing on the wall either side. Lintel with insulation to prevent cold bridging, cold bridging happens when heat is lost from the inside of the building to the outside because the material (this case the lintel) is the ‘bridge for the heat loss. When the insulation is there, it has a higher thermal conductivity than the lintel (galvanised steel), so the heat ‘bridges to the insulation and not outside the building. 10 This is very important concept of insulation, that also applies to cavity and solid walls where insulation is used. Insulation External Walls Insulation boards are used to keep the heat within a room/building so that the living/working conditions are favourable. We will have WT20 insulation boards (size is 1200x600x20mm) from warmtiles.co.uk Board Sizes Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Resistance (k-value) U-value (W/m ²K) Weight (kgs) 1200 x 600 x 20 mm 0.029 0.69 1.45 0.45 The U value is the amount of heat which will flow through 1 square metre of a wall for every degree in temperature difference between the inside and outside. Resistance is the resistance to heat flow of a material of a given thickness. Now I can calculate the U-value for the walls. U value for cavity walls (Thickness/Thermal Conductivity = Resistance) This transitions into weep holes; weep holes allow the water to exit the cavity. As we are only using blocks, we will use plastic weep holes that are placed every 450 mm. Weep holes, damp proof courses and the bucket handle mortar are excellent parts of the wall that allow it to prevent water penetration. Cavity Walls-Sills Cavity Walls joining cavity walls to internal walls This is how we will join the inner leaf to the internal walls, also where two internal walls (could be party walls) join, it will be toothed in. Walls Door and Window frames (Openings) The building regulation below specifies the sum of openings (w1+w2) shouldnt be more than 2/3 ‘L. Opening heights should be less than 2.1m, and the width less than 3m. This ensures the wall is not weakened significantly under compression by openings. We used this formula for a standard room (not disabled). Length of whole wall Door sizes Thickness= 40mm 2040 mm 826mm Windows A very common part of walls, and obligatory for accommodation buildings are windows. Window sizes (British Standard: 2003) 1050 mm 1800 mm *Purple segments are windows that open (white arrows indicate what direction they open), orange segments are fixed. This type of window is called ‘Left-hand multi light. Sound Control One of the functions of the walls is to control the airborne sounds, such as aeroplanes and cars travelling outside of the building. The internal walls will be made out of dense concrete blocks, as this provides good sound protection. Celcon aerated blocks also have just as good of a level of sound protection. Osbourn and Greeno (2007), say the Sound reduction index (SRI) is a way of measuring the effectiveness of construction insulating airborne sound. We will have a block cavity wall which is plastered, this has a SRI number of 49, and 150 mm dense concrete walls which have a SRI number of about 46. These are relatively acceptable SRI values to be used in construction. Finishes There are different finishes you can have for aerated concrete blocks; plastered, rendered and painted. For the outside of the external walls we will render the walls (10mm wide). For internal walls (dense concrete blocks) we will have plaster boards (20mm wide). Cement Rendering After the mortar and blocks are bonded, render will be applied. For our design we are using aerated concrete blocks for the external walls, therefore we should not use strong renders (Duncan Marshall, 2008), because when the dense mix shrinks, it will go past the limit of stress that the blocks can handle, therefore cracking will occur. Our building will have a very similar aesthetic appearance to this building (right), except for the colour. References David Littlefield, et al., 2008, Metric handbook, 3rd Edition, Duncan Marshall ,2008, Construction Website 0809 (unframed construction) http://learn.lboro.ac.uk/file.php/1183/UWE08/index.htm Dereck Osbourn and Roger Greeno, Mitchells Introduction to Building 4th Edition Julian McKenzie (Lectures) Sizes of concrete blocks http://www.sigexpress.co.uk/Aerated-Concrete-Blocks/Celcon-100mm-Standard-Block.htm Partial Fill Cavity Walls http://www.insulateonline.com/index1.htm?walls2.htm~main Insulation Boards http://www.warmtiles.co.uk/category.php?id_category=17 Analytical Essay: The Teaching Of Speaking Analytical Essay: The Teaching Of Speaking The theme of the research paper is The Teaching of Speaking. For the teacher it is very essential to know how to teach speaking foreign language correctly and to be able to do that. That is why there are several methods and manners how to give the knowledge in an easier manner to the students. The aim: To investigate what methods are used to teach speaking are used mostly and find out as many as possible teaching speaking methods. The enabling objectives: to find out and study theory on the teaching of speaking(mention the theme) to collect and summarize the gained data to draw conclusions The research question: Which methods are used to improve teaching the teaching of speaking? The methods of research: analysis of the theoretical material case study The tools of research and data collection: analysis of the teaching of speaking methods 1.THE TEACHING OF SPEAKING What is speaking? In fact, speaking is an action carrying out the information or expressing feelings and emotions, persons thoughts in spoken language. Speaking is also the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts (Chaney, 1998, p. 13). By the teaching of speaking is meant to produce the English speech sounds and sound patterns, use word and sentence stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the language, select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social setting, audience, situation and subject matter, organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence and use language as a means of expressing values and judgments (Online 2). 1.1Strategies for Developing Speaking Skills According to the internet source, students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also an important part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language (Online 1). These strategies can help students to enlarge their knowledge of language. If the students are confident in speaking, it would be more easier to receive the other information while learning. 1.1.1Using minimal responses Language learners who are not confident about their ability to participate successfully in oral disscussions often listen in silence while others do the talking. One way to encourage such learners to begin to participate is to help them build up a stock of minimal responses that they can use in different types of exchanges. Such responses can be especially useful for beginners (Online 1). Minimal responses are predictable, often idiomatic phrases that conversation participants use to indicate understanding, agreement, doubt, and other responses to what another speaker is saying. Having a stock of such responses enables a learner to focus on what the other participant is saying, without having to simultaneously plan a response (Online 1). 1.1.2Recognizing scripts Some communication situations are associated with a predictable set of spoken exchanges a script. Greetings, apologies, compliments, invitations, and other functions that are influenced by social and cultural norms often follow patterns or scripts. So do the transactional exchanges involved in activities such as obtaining information and making a purchase. In these scripts, the relationship between a speakers turn and the one that follows it can often be anticipated. Instructors can help students develop speaking ability by making them aware of the scripts for different situations so that they can predict what they will hear and what they will need to say in response. Through interactive activities, instructors can give students practice in managing and varying the language that different scripts contain. 1.1.3Using language to talk about language Language learners are often too embarrassed or shy to say anything when they do not understand another speaker or when they realize that a conversation partner has not understood them. Instructors can help students overcome this reticence by assuring them that misunderstanding and the need for clarification can occur in any type of interaction, whatever the participants language skill levels. Instructors can also give students strategies and phrases to use for clarification and comprehension check. By encouraging students to use clarification phrases in class when misunderstanding occurs, and by responding positively when they do, instructors can create an authentic practice environment within the classroom itself. As they develop control of various clarification strategies, students will gain confidence in their ability to manage the various communication situations that they may encounter outside the classroom. 1.2How to teach speaking According to the given internet sources, now many linguists and teachers consider that students can improve their communication and speaking skills working into groups together with other students and playing real-life situations in the target language. To achieve the goal of speaking well, the students need to improve their language fluency (speaking smoothly), pronunciation (saying words properly) and enunciation (saying words and phrases clearly) (Online 4). Fluency comes from practice. Every English speaking person cannot improve speaking smoothly in some two months, it comes after longer time. T o get to the aim, there should be made speech of long, complicated sentences. For example, to build more fluent speech, a helper could be discussions, presentations, role plays, negations, debates, interviews and meetings. Pronunciation is the ability to say words properly with the correct sounds in the correct places (Online 4). To make words sound correctly, it can take very long time to develop the pronunciation. As suggested in the internet source, the student should focus on working on specific vowels, trouble consonants, and working on understanding movement and location of mouth and tongue when making sounds (Online 4). In phonetics, enunciation is the act of speaking. Good enunciation is the act of speaking clearly and concisely (Online 5). If the enunciation of the speech is pure, others will not be able to understand speakers speech. To avoid misunderstandings in the communication towards others, according to the internet sources, the student should pay attention to trouble word combinations, reductions, sentence and word level stress points and sentence level intonation patterns. 2.WHICH TEACHING METHODS ARE MORE PREFERABLE FOR STUDENTS THEMSELVES If there were a questionnaire, the aim of it would be to clear up which of the teaching methods are more understandable and useful for the students themselves. No one can answer to this question more precise and honestly as the students. CONCLUSIONS The teaching of speaking means that the teacher gives the knowledge to the student how to communicate with others, to produce sounds, words correctly and clearly, to use precisely intonation patterns, to choose appropriate themes which to speak to the proper social setting and audience. There are a lot of teaching methods which can be used in the teaching process, but, in my opinion, more preferable methods are those who are easier and understandable for the students. For instance, to make your speech more fluent and clearer, it can be enough to read articles with complicated vocabulary and sentence structure aloud every day. Rounding up, if the teacher is teaching in a simple manner and understandable for students. THESIS Speaking is an action carrying out the information or expressing feelings and emotions, persons thoughts in spoken language. Many linguists and teachers consider that students can improve their communication and speaking skills working into groups together with other students and playing real-life situations in the target language. To build more fluent speech, a helper could be discussions, presentations, role plays, negations, debates, interviews and meetings. Fluency comes from practice. Every English speaking person cannot improve speaking smoothly in some two months, it comes after longer time. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language.

Dbq Essay-European History-Assumptions on Children

During early modern Europe, children were viewed in many different ways which changed how parents chose to raise their children. During the 1500’s, the mortality rates for children were high, therefore children were viewed as if they were adults and very precious if they survived, many people believed that they needed to treat children harshly to make them strong. In the 1600’s, children were raised tenderly as they were rational beings that could use reason.Children were viewed in many ways during early modern Europe to be rational, precious, and in need of guidance where these views determined the parents’ choice in child rearing to behaving harshly to kind guidance. Society sought for guidance for their children in a very caring way. In a letter Martin Luther, a leader of the Protestant Reformation in the 1500’s, it is written that his thirteen year old daughter had just died and that he is very disheartened by the loss. He loves his respectful daughter .As a father and leader of the protestant reformation, Luther is disheartened at his daughter’s loss, but he loves and respects God taking her away (Doc 2). A common stereotype about women is their personalities and perceptions toward children. Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family's welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic. Margaret Cavendish, a duchess, a scientist, and a philosopher expresses her sincerity and is apprehensive of how society should treat children to help them reach their potential (Doc 9).Through the knowledge of a philosophe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought that it would be best if you let children make their own decisions, because they will be stubborn if you try to stop them (Doc 12). Children’s Games, by Pieter Brueghel, displays the children absorbed in their games with the seriousness displayed by adults in their apparently more important pursuits (Doc 5). Another way people taught their children was through reasoning. Christoph Scheurl believed children are a great reward.He is biased though because he has a son himself and knows of the emotional attachment and bond bearing a child creates, he speaks with only gratitude and expresses his love of his child (Doc 1). Theoretically speaking though, Jean Benedicti â€Å"obligates the child to obey under pain of mortal sin. † Being a preacher, he expects a child to honor God and obey his wisdom (Doc 7). This follows the same circumstances stated in document 10. The English Catholic Gentleman expects highly of his daughter to have reliance on God and help her understand to make her amends to confess her sins to God.John Locke, a philosopher who wrote â€Å"Two Treasies on Government† writes that a person must reason with children to their capacity of understanding. As a member of the Enlightenment, Locke believes people are rational and tabula rasa (blank sl ates) where they can be taught what to do. Changing ideas of the1600’s into the enlightenment allowed for parents to treat children kindly and rationally (Doc 11). Although some parents taught their children in a kind manner beneficial for the child, some punished their children by putting a negative impact on their well-being.As depicted in document 3, it states that if a man truly cares about his child, he will whip him occasionally to make a man out of him. Generally, Russian households of the 17th century were harsh conditions to live under, therefore the nobility expected harsh discipline as a means to better their children. Michel de Montaigne expresses his opinion on children in a very different way though. He shows absolutely no passion or love for children. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal contemplations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation (Doc 6).In an autobiography, Benevenuto Cellini, a metal crafte r and sculptor, writes that he visited his son that was born out of wedlock and abruptly left the boy crying as he didn’t want Cellini to leave. Since Cellini’s child was born out of wedlock, he will be treated harshly and will be shunned as accustomed of the 1500’s (Doc 4). As for Henry IV, he was whipped as a child. In a letter to the governess Madame de Montglat, Henry commands her to whip his six year old son every time he misbehaves. Whipping children was common for people to do during the 1500’s.As king of France, Henry IV wants his son to be strong when he heirs. He believes whipping him will make him a better person. Children were treated in different ways due to the accepted ideas and attitudes of the time from serfdom, the religion, the mortality rates and the Enlightenment. Being the precious gifts from God, children were being treated kindly and also harshly as they were objects as well. Different views of children and raising procedures chang e throughout history due to changes in secular ideas and different cultural movements.

A Midwife’s Tale by Martha Ballard Essay - 1087 Words

When Thomas Jefferson wrote the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence, it became one of his greatest legacies. In the first line he wrote, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal (U.S. Constitution, paragraph 2). Jefferson wrote these words to give inspiration to future generations in the hopes that they would be able to change what he either would or could not. The word â€Å"men† in the Declaration in the early 1700 and 1800’s meant exactly that, but even then it only was true for some men, not all. Women, children, and other segments of the population such as slaves and Native Americans were clearly not included. Jefferson himself was a slave owner and held the belief that women were†¦show more content†¦Medical knowledge and the production of textiles were valuable and necessary commodities – medical knowledge was essential for everyday problems as well as during outbreaks of disease. Textiles were crucial for the local and national economy as they were locally produced, traded and exported. Martha was a midwife who helped successfully bring hundreds of babies into the world and she was also played a huge role in seeing to the wellness and welfare of the community. As a midwife, Martha served anyone who required her, regardless of their religion, race or place in society. Socializing was an important part of daily life. Even when Martha spent days at home, she was still connected to the locals, which is evident in the way she described the visitors she had. In 1790 alone, â€Å"Martha recorded 642 encounters, at home or abroad with 299 persons outside her family† (Ulrich 92). Martha was paid for her services – she sometimes had to travel great distances in treacherous weather to reach her patients and she kept records in her diary about the circumstances she found herself in while carefully recording births, deaths, marriages, weather, and other events, both important and mundane. Spinning, orShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Martha Ballard s Diary And Laurel Thatcher Ulrich s Transcription Of Such, A Midwife s Tale1153 Words   |  5 PagesMartha Ballard, while to many the messiah of Maine, might have been more of a parading pestilence as she moved throughout the town giving treatment and illness, one and the same. Throughout Martha Ballard’s diary and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich’s transcription of such, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, various examples of transmission can be seen with some cases leaving individuals dead and families destroyed. Such sicknesses included Dysentery, Scarlet Fever, and unidentified illnesses. WhileRead MoreSummary Of A Midwife s Tale 1507 Words   |  7 PagesHistorian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich provides a glimpse of America post Revolutionary war through her critically acclaimed book, A Midwife’s Tale, which is the interpretation of Martha Ballard’s seemingly humble diary—a record of he r life as a midwife, mother, wife, and caregiver from 1785 through 1812. The book features Ballard’s account of her average day’s activities, which, in turn, serves to represent the tasks of women in her society; however, Ulrich cross-references the diary with documents suchRead MoreAn Analysis of Laurel Ulrichs A Midwifes Tale620 Words   |  2 Pagesï » ¿Laurel Ulrichs Midwife Tale did a good job interpreting and using Martha Ballards diary to provide a descriptive and impartial account of the 18th century period in womens history, with particular insight into colonial attitudes towards rape. Ulrichs method of piecing together the event of Rebecca Fosters rape has Martha Ballards diary as a starting point, is chronologically structured, thorough and attempts to cover any historically relevant information by expanding on various adjacentRead More Laurel Ulrichs A Midwifes Tale Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesLaurel Ulrichs A Midwifes Tale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before I watched A Midwifes Tale, a movie created from the diary found by Laurel Ulrich chronicling the life of a woman named Martha Ballard, I thought the women in these times were just housewives and nothing else. I pictured them doing the cleaning and the cooking for their husbands and not being very smart because of the lack of education or them being unable to work. My view on the subject changed however when I watched this specific womans lifeRead MoreThe Midwife s Tale By Laurel Thatcher Ulrich1255 Words   |  6 Pagesmundane lives and rarely got to speak up for themselves. In the book, The Midwife’s Tale by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, it follows the life of Martha Ballard through the use of her own diary. Martha Ballard captures the lives of common women in the Early Republic Era by providing an authentic record of the role women played in their communities throughout the developmental years of the United States. Some back story on Martha Ballard to give her diary some more context would be that she was born in 1735Read MoreA Midwifes Tale by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich1763 Words   |  8 PagesA Midwife’s Tale by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich tells the story of Martha Ballard; a midwife, healer, wife, mother, and eighteenth-century woman. In this book, the reader learns of this hardworking woman, the social web she lived in, and the workings of her town through personal accounts from the diarist and the author’s thorough analysis of them. Martha is a diligent woman who makes good use of her connections with the rest of the female community. She keeps up-to-date accounts of how her patients areRead MoreIn Figure 3.6, â€Å"A Society Of Patriotic Ladies† (1774),1536 Words   |  7 Pagesbut also their mother. Midwife’s Tale Martha Ballard’s life shared the life of most â€Å"middle class† females during the Revolution. Her life had some differences compared to women in the Colonial Era. Martha was education and given more responsibilities than females in the colonial era. For example, when her husband was in jail she was given his responsibilities till he had returned. Whereas, in the Colonial Era, another male would take on his responsibilities. Martha and her husband seemed toRead MoreThe Effect Of Gender Roles Of Male Physicians And Female Midwives1047 Words   |  5 Pagesof childbirth. In A Midwife’s Tale, Laurel Ulrich explores Martha’s diary to present the challenges midwives faced during the late 18th century. Midwives, such as Martha Ballard, were challenged by male physicians and diverged from the style of their work because of the perception that omen were considered more emotional, nurturing, and social in their work while men were more knowledgeable of science, anatomy, and new tools. Ulrich writes that female midwives, such as Martha, were viewed to be moreRead MoreWhy The Colonists Become American After The Revolution?1348 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican. Not only do we have examples from history that help define what an American is we also have examples from books in this instance I am referring to A MIDWIFE’S TALE, A HISTORY OF JONATHAN ALDER, and VOICES FROM SLAVERY. In general A MIDWIFE’S TALE shows us how life for Americans were at this time through diary entries of Martha Ballard but more specific it gives us a understanding of how the opportunities were at this time were not so great for women. As for A HISTORY OF JONATHAN ALDER we canRead MoreAmerican History : The Eyes Of A Woman1171 Words   |  5 Pagesthe earth. Typically, this was a man’s job in other cultures, however Indian women worked with pride and embraced their role. Another example of power is the authority and independence women had around her household. In the film, A Midwife’s Tale, Martha Ballard was a midwife and also had responsibilities around her own home. As a midwife, she was given power by the court to determine who th e father of an unborn child was, and also was given power to tend to women’s bodies in a time of distress

The Teenage Years - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1082 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Teenage Drinking Essay Did you like this example? The teenage years, a complicated, thrilling, yet potentially problematic period in a persons life. These years are full of all sorts of new beginnings and freedom. Teenagers are known for living a thrilling type of lifestyle filled with risky behavior and bad decisions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Teenage Years" essay for you Create order It is an era to make mistakes and learn. Mistakes, although should never put anyones life at risk. At the age of 16 and a half a person can attain a drivers license. Driving is a big step in the freedom aspect of life. It is easy for teenagers to forget that driving is not a right, it is a privilege that comes with many responsibilities. Teenagers are consistently participating in thrilling activities that has the possibility of getting them in trouble but that is a risk they are willing to take. People are introduced to alcohol at a very young age, whether it be through a household environment, media, or peers. The use of alcohol starts at a very young age. The life of an adolescent is complicated and delicate. They are influenced by factors that they may not even notice. Adolescents engage in the use of alcohol for many different reasons. One study found that the physical and social environment, as well as the individual behavior of the adolescent was related to their alcohol consumption (Alden et al., 2017). These results correlated adolescent alcohol use as a way to make them feel better about themselves. Everyone says the teenage years are all fun and games but it can be one of the most stressful periods of a persons life. Stress is directly correlated with an adolescents drinking behavior (McKay et al., 2013). There are stresses regarding the grades a person receives at school. There are stresses regarding a persons home life, whether it be a divorce or poor treatment by their parents. And teenagers mostly stress about their social life. They may not feel like they are fitting in which leads to low self esteem, or they are simply searching for a thrilling experience. Teenagers so desperately want to fit in they are easily influenced by peer pressure. All of these stress categories lead to adolescents consuming alcohol. Adolescents are known for a fun Friday night participation in an environment where alcohol is involved. Binge drinking in adolescents is very common (Marcotte et al., 2012). Since adolescents already have the mindset that they are invincible and thrive off of thrilling experiences, driving under the influence seems to be the perfect activity. They may choose to drive under the influence because they think have no other choice or they arent that drunk. Traffic crashes are the leading cause of teen deaths in the United States (Marcotte et al., 2012). Younger drivers are more likely to get in crashes than older drivers because of their inexperience or risky behavior. Everyone is guilty of running red lights or speeding through a yellow light, but to an adolescent it is thrilling. 1 in 4 car crashes with teenagers involve an underage drunk driver (Statistics, 2018). Drunk driving seems so easily preventable which is why these statistics leave many people with an unsettling feeling. Teen drinking and driving is not only a United States problem but a worldwide problem. In Italy, there was a study done on patients admitted to the emergency room with a positive blood alcohol concentration. More than 50% of the patients being treated were adolescents involved in car accidents (Allamani et al., 2013). In Italy, ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" of road fatalities involved alcohol (Allamani et al., 2013). It is a serious world wide issue that needs to constantly be addressed. Thankfully, teen drinking has decreased since 1991 (Vital Signs, 2012). These decrease may be related to multiple different reasons. One reasoning for the decrease may be the parent and adolescent relationship. Being an adolescent is tough but being a parent to an adolescent is even more tough. There is a fine line, and specific rules you are supposed to follow when you are a parent but it does not always mean that your child is going to turn out perfect. Adolescents who search for excitement through risky behavior reported of driving under the influence or with someone driving under the influence (Pedersen McCarthy, 2008). The decisions these adolescents make can be directly related to their personality which the parents can not control, but they can attempt to influence them in the best way possible. Adolescents are influenced by their family on the decisions they make, especially their parents. Since 1990 the style of intensive parenting has increased (Arnett, 2018). This parenting style is where the parent is highly involved in their teenagers life. There is a direct correlation between the risks adolescents partake in and parental modeling/supervision (which word fits better). (Arnett, 2018). Intensive parenting includes the authoritative parenting style. This style is where the parent is involved with the teens life. This includes having rules and being supportive. The adolescent feels comfortable enough to be open to the parent and does not lie to them about what they are doing or where they are going. The strictness and involvement of parents in a teens life will decrease teens making risky driving choices (Laghi et al., 2013). The rules may include a curfew for the teen that is not the state law of a person who is driving on a junior operating license. Rules may include wh o the teen is allowed to drive when it is legal for them to drive peers. Another rule may be where they are allowed to go. Parents should be motivated to make agreements with their teenagers in attempt to prevent any risky behavior. Ultimately adolescents have the choice to decide what behavior they are going to partake in. If adolescents find themselves in situations that their parents were trying to avoid they can call on their parents for help if they are comfortable enough to do so. By being an authoritative parent you are willing to be their for the child and are affectionate towards them. If they get themselves involved in a situation such as making the choice to drink and drive, or getting in the car with someone under the influence. They will feel comfortable enough to call on a parent to help them get out of that situation. Parental involvement is only one of the reasons why teen drinking and driving has decreased. There are many programs that have implemented to attempt to end teen drinking and driving. One of the organizations whose goal is to end drunk driving is Mothers Against Drunk Driving, also known as MADD.